Apparatus and method for increasing downward force exerted on a spinning vehicle

ABSTRACT

An apparatus for increasing the safety of automobiles traveling at high speeds capable of increasing the downward force on a yawed vehicle comprises in one embodiment an air inlet opening, an air exit opening, and an air path, wherein the air exit opening directs flowing exiting air in such a manner as to avoid interfering with the air spoiling operations of the surface of the vehicle. In an alternative embodiment, the invention comprises an air inlet opening, an air exit opening, an air path, and a platform fixed at one end to a rear underside portion of the vehicle that pivots open under the force of flowing air to disrupt air flowing under a yawed vehicle to thereby exert a downward force on the yawed vehicle. A method of directing air into a yawed vehicle traveling at high speed to exert a downward force on the yawed vehicle.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The invention relates to a safety apparatus for vehicles traveling at high speed. In particular, the invention relates to an apparatus particularly suited for competitive racing vehicles that directs air into a vehicle that is yawed from a forward path of travel in such a manner to exert an increased downward force on the surfaces of the vehicle. The invention further relates to a method of directing air into a yawed vehicle traveling at high speed to exert a downward force on the vehicle.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Automobile racing, and in particular racing sanctioned by the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR), has become one of the most competitive sporting events in the United States. NASCAR is currently the fastest growing spectator sport in the U.S. whose average annual attendance grew by 65% within the period 1990-1997. Moreover, NASCAR is the only professional sport that enjoyed increased growth in its television audience during the 1990's. Revenues for NASCAR approached $2.2 billion in 1999, placing NASCAR third behind the National Football League (NFL) and Major League Baseball (MLB) in operating income and ahead of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and National Hockey League (NHL). In 2000, NASCAR signed a $2.4 billion, six-year television contract with NBC, FOX, and Turner Sports. The contract placed NASCAR ahead of Major League Baseball, National Basketball Association, and National Hockey League in terms of average annual television revenues. Moreover, NASCAR is second only to the NFL among televised sporting events in the U.S. In 1998, NASCAR generated more than $1.1 billion in sponsorship revenues, which is more than double the combined revenue of the NBA, NFL, NHL, and MLB.

[0003] The increased popularity in racing has led to an influx of economic sponsorship, and hence an increase in the amount of money invested in the research and development of racing vehicles. As a result of the technological improvements in the design of racing vehicles and engines, the speeds at which the vehicles race has increased dramatically over the years. During the 1980's and 1990's, Winston Cup cars achieved speeds of over 200 miles per hour (mph). Because of safety concerns, NASCAR sought a number of practices to reduce speed and increase safety.

[0004] One such practice was the incorporation of a restrictor plate (i.e., a thin aluminum plate that fits between the carburetor and the intake manifold of the engine) into the engines to reduce speeds and hence increase the likelihood of a driver surviving a major crash. Subsequently, NASCAR approved the use of aerodynamically responsive roof flaps that are affixed to the tops of vehicles. The roof flaps as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,374,098 and 5,544,931 to Nelson actuate upwards when the vehicle becomes yawed from the forward path of travel (i.e., spins) to present a vertical surface to the flowing air, thereby increasing drag and reducing the speed of the spinning vehicle. As used herein, it will be understood that the term “forward path of travel” means the direction that a vehicle is moving when operated under normal conditions such that the longitudinal axis of the vehicle is parallel to the track and the front of the car is facing forward. Likewise, a direction yawed from a forward path of travel means the longitudinal axis of the vehicle is rotated about its vertical axis, as occurring during a spin.

[0005] Despite improved safety features, the likelihood of driver injury during a crash at speeds of over 180 mph remains high. Furthermore, the recent death of Dale Earnhardt, one of the most successful and most popular drivers, has elevated safety concerns to a top priority with NASCAR.

[0006] The underlying goal of racing, that is, faster speeds, frustrates ongoing safety efforts. It will be understood by those familiar with competitive racing that conventional racing vehicles are designed to achieve the fastest speeds within the regulatory regime of a sanctioning body, such as NASCAR. In other words, the body structure of the vehicle is designed to present the least amount of aerodynamic drag, while providing the greatest amount of downward force (or “down force”) on the vehicle while the vehicle is traveling in a forward path of travel.

[0007] In addressing safety and performance considerations, designers must consider the four physical forces acting on a moving vehicle. In aerodynamic terms, these forces are expressed by lift (L) which acts perpendicular to the forward path of travel, drag (D) which acts parallel to the forward path of travel, weight (w) which acts vertically towards the center of the earth, and thrust (T) which acts parallel to the forward path of travel. Thrust, provided in this case by a vehicle engine, is counteracted by drag created by the flowing air traveling along the vehicle surfaces. Lift created by the air flowing under the vehicle and over contoured surfaces is counteracted by the weight of the vehicle, and any aerodynamic force created by the vehicle body and spoilers or air dams on the vehicle surface.

[0008] As air flows along the contoured surfaces of a vehicle, different velocities are produced. In turn, these varying velocities produce differential pressures that are distributed over the surface of the vehicle. More specifically, the aerodynamic pressures acting over a particular area produce an aerodynamic force. Aerodynamic force is a function of pressure acting over a surface area. In order to produce down force, it is desirable to produce higher pressure on the top side of the vehicle in order to produce lower pressure on the underside of the vehicle. Furthermore, aerodynamic pressure ideally acts over a substantially horizontal area to generate a down force or negative lift. For example, aerodynamic lift on a vehicle is primarily generated over horizontal areas such as the engine hood, roof, rear deck (or trunk lid), and the underside of the vehicle. Conversely, to create aerodynamic drag, aerodynamic pressure ideally acts over a substantially vertical area. For example, drag is influenced strongly by the pressures acting on the rear spoiler.

[0009] As described, aerodynamic down force is an important factor affecting the performance and safety of high-performance racing vehicles. In regards to performance and handling, an increase in down force acting on the vehicle also improves the handling of the vehicle at high speeds and especially in turns. For example, if the air flow is separated or “departs” from the rear deck of a vehicle during a turn, the down force decreases and the rear end tends to slide as the vehicle rotates about a vertical axis, thereby causing the vehicle to become yawed with respect to the forward path of travel. In order to produce down force, horizontal airflow resulting from a vehicle in motion must be redirected upwards. As applied to a Winston Cup car, the spoiler on the rear deck of the vehicle redirects the air upward and increases the down force on the rear end of the vehicle. In order to maximize rear end down force, analysis indicates that the aerodynamic down force acting on the vehicle should be as far to the rear as possible.

[0010] In regards to safety, it is desirable to create the maximum amount of down force on a vehicle during high-speed backward movement or a spin to prevent a vehicle from flipping or becoming airborne. Specifically, an increase of down force on a yawed vehicle can prevent the vehicle from flipping upon entering a high-speed spin. Most devices are designed to produce down force on a vehicle traveling in a forward path of travel. Thus, during a spin, these devices may actually produce lift, which tends to destabilize a spinning vehicle. Thus, it is necessary to provide a device that can increase down force on a yawed vehicle that does not negatively affect the aerodynamics of a vehicle traveling in a forward path of travel.

[0011] As noted, conventional racing vehicles include aerodynamically designed spoilers, air dams, and other air spoiling devices for increasing the amount of down force acting on a vehicle traveling in a forward path of travel. Heightened safety concerns during the 1990's led to the inclusion of roof flaps described above to increase the down force acting on a vehicle during a spin. The roof flap spoils the air traveling over the surface of the roof, thereby increasing the down force on the vehicle and slowing the vehicle down. Nevertheless, as witnessed during several races, the roof flaps have occasionally failed to prevent a vehicle from becoming airborne when spinning or traveling backwards at high speeds.

[0012] One option to counteract the likelihood of flipping during a high-speed spin is to increase the size of roof flaps and roof fences on the surfaces of racing vehicles. However, the addition of air spoiling devices on the surface of the vehicle may reduce performance, and therefore is a less desirable option. Moreover, the number of additional air spoiling devices is dictated by the amount of available free space on the surface of the racing vehicle.

[0013] Thus, a more attractive option is to increase the amount of down force acting on a spinning vehicle without increasing the total number of, for example, spoilers, roof flaps, or roof fences on the exterior surface of the vehicle. In this fashion, aerodynamic performance of the vehicle is not hindered when the vehicle is traveling in a forward path of travel.

[0014] Accordingly, there is a need for a safety apparatus that increases the down force acting on a yawed vehicle during a high-speed spin, and that avoids interfering with the air spoiling operation of other devices such as roof flaps and rear spoilers.

OBJECT AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0015] It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus capable of exerting a downward force on a yawed vehicle, without affecting the performance of the vehicle while traveling in a forward path of travel.

[0016] Another object of the invention is to provide a safety apparatus that can be readily incorporated into existing racing vehicles without the need for performing major structural modifications on existing racing vehicles.

[0017] Yet another object of the invention is the provision of a safety apparatus that can be incorporated into the internal structure of the racing vehicle.

[0018] A further object of the invention is to provide a method of directing air into a racing vehicle traveling at high speed in a direction yawed from the forward path of travel to exert a downward force on the vehicle.

[0019] Another object of the invention is to maximize the survivability rate of a driver involved in a high-speed spin.

[0020] The invention meets these objectives with an apparatus capable of exerting a downward force on a vehicle during a spin or high-speed backward movement. In particular, the invention is an apparatus comprised of an air inlet opening in the rear of a vehicle that admits a flow of air when the vehicle is yawed from the forward path of travel, an air exit opening in communication with the air inlet opening that directs flowing air to exert a down force on the vehicle, and an air path that directs flowing air from the air inlet opening to the air exit opening. The invention further meets these objectives with a method for directing flowing air into the vehicle to exert a downward force on a yawed vehicle traveling at high speed.

[0021] The foregoing and other objects and advantages of the invention and the manner in which the same are accomplished will become clearer based on the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0022]FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a preferred embodiment of the apparatus as incorporated into a stock car having roof flaps and spoilers that depicts flowing air entering air inlet openings positioned at the rear of the vehicle, traveling along the air paths, and exiting at the air exit openings positioned at the rear quarter panel regions of the vehicle.

[0023]FIG. 2 is a top sectional view of the preferred embodiment of the invention and its positional relationship to a fuel cell that depicts flowing air entering the air inlet openings, traveling along the air paths positioned adjacent the fuel cell, and exiting at the air exit openings.

[0024]FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the preferred embodiment of the invention depicting the air inlet opening, the air path, and the air exit opening.

[0025]FIG. 4 is a partial side sectional view of the preferred embodiment taken along lines 4-4 of FIG. 2 illustrating the air inlet opening comprised of a pivoting gate, a stop for restricting the movement of the gate, and webbing for preventing debris from entering the air inlet opening when the vehicle is yawed.

[0026]FIG. 4A is an enlarged partial side sectional view of the preferred embodiment of air inlet opening depicting a spring-biased gate and its interaction with the stop.

[0027]FIG. 5 is an enlarged partial front view of the preferred embodiment of the gate taken along lines 5-5 of FIG. 4 illustrating the spring-biased hinge connection between the air inlet opening and the gate.

[0028]FIG. 6 is a diagram indicating the yaw angle of the moving vehicle traveling in the forward path of travel (i.e., 0°), and traveling backward (i.e., 180°), as well as exemplary speeds at which the moving vehicle lifts off of the track.

[0029]FIG. 7 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of the apparatus as incorporated into a stock car having roof flaps and spoilers that depicts flowing air entering an air inlet opening positioned at the rear of the vehicle, traveling along the air path, and exiting at an air exit opening positioned in the rear deck adjacent the rear window of the vehicle.

[0030]FIG. 8 is a top sectional view of the alternative embodiment of the invention and its positional relationship to the fuel cell that depicts flowing air entering the air inlet opening, traveling along the air path positioned adjacent the fuel cell, and exiting at the air exit opening.

[0031]FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the alternative embodiment of the invention depicting the air inlet opening, the air path, and the air exit opening.

[0032]FIG. 10 is a partial perspective underside view of an alternative embodiment illustrating a platform secured at one end to the vehicle and positioned adjacent the fuel cell, an air inlet opening, and an air exit opening.

[0033]FIG. 11 is a partial side sectional view of the rear of the vehicle depicting the platform, a rear deck, a rear deck spoiler, a bumper, a fuel cell, and restraining cables.

[0034]FIG. 12 is an enlarged partial side sectional view taken along lines 12-12 of FIG. 11 showing the platform in the open and closed position and further showing a free end and a fixed end of the platform, wherein the fixed end is secured to the underside of the vehicle by a spring-biased cable mechanism that is secured at both ends by eyelet screws.

[0035]FIG. 13 is a partial front view of the rear end of the vehicle depicting the platform in a closed position.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0036] The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which a preferred embodiment of the invention is shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.

[0037] An overall view of an apparatus 10 as incorporated into a racing vehicle 11 having roof flaps 13 and which depicts features of the present invention is set forth in FIG. 1. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the term automobile will mean a self-propelled vehicle; hence, the term automobile, vehicle, and car may be used interchangeably herein. It will be further appreciated by those skilled in the art that the present invention may be incorporated into a variety of racing vehicles to include opened wheel bodies (e.g., Formula 1 bodies) and closed wheel bodies (e.g., stock car bodies). As depicted in figures of the preferred embodiment, the present invention is preferably incorporated into stock cars or closed wheel bodies.

[0038] As depicted in FIGS. 2 and 3, the apparatus 10 includes an air inlet opening 13, an air exit opening 14, and an air path 15. The air inlet opening 13 is positioned in the rear of the vehicle 11 and is capable of admitting a flow of air 16 into the rear of the vehicle when the vehicle is traveling in a direction yawed from a forward path of travel. In other words, the air inlet opening 13 is configured to admit flowing air 16 into a vehicle during a spin or high-speed backward movement. In a preferred embodiment, the air inlet opening 13 is positioned in the rear surface of the vehicle 11 between the rear deck 20 and the rear bumper 21. As illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 3, the air inlet opening 13 is rectangular, but may be any number of shapes to include, but not limited to, square, circular, or triangular. Specifically, the air inlet opening 13 is oriented in a plane that is substantially perpendicular to the path of flowing air 16 distributed against the rear end of a yawed vehicle. Stated differently, the air inlet opening 13 is oriented in a plane that is substantially parallel to the surface of the vehicle 11 (i.e., flush with the rear face of the vehicle). As depicted in FIGS. 1 and 2, the preferred embodiment of the invention includes a pair of air inlet openings 13, a pair of air exit openings 14, and a pair of air paths 15 that are positioned equidistant from the longitudinal centerline or axis of the vehicle 11.

[0039] As configured, the air inlet opening 13 admits more flowing air 16 as the degree of yaw of the vehicle 11 increases during a spin with respect to the forward path of travel. The increased amount of air flowing into the air inlet opening 13 consequently distributes air pressure differentials acting on the surface of the vehicle 11 in such a manner as to increase the amount of down force acting on the vehicle. Further, the air inlet opening 13 admits the maximum amount of flowing air 16, and thus provides the greatest amount of down force, when the vehicle 11 is yawed 180 degrees (°) from the forward path of travel, that is, when the vehicle is traveling backwards.

[0040] With reference to FIGS. 4 and 4A, the air inlet opening 13 includes a gate 22 for controlling the flow of air 16 into the air path 15 and a stop 23 for restricting the movement of the gate in an open position. The air inlet gate 22 may include any number of devices for controlling the passage or flow of air. In a preferred embodiment, the air inlet gate 22 is a substantially rectangular planar flap that pivots about an axis that is substantially coplanar to the air inlet opening 13. Nevertheless, it will be understood that the flap may be any number of shapes to include, but not limited to, a square, circle, or triangle. Furthermore, the flap is not necessarily planar and can be concave or convex in shape. It will be understood that the air inlet gate 22 may be pivotably secured to a top, bottom, or side portion of the air inlet opening 13. In an alternative embodiment, the air inlet gate 22 may include a plurality of vanes or louvers that pivot about axes that are substantially coplanar to the air inlet opening 13.

[0041] The air inlet gate 22 is closed when the vehicle 11 is traveling in a forward path of travel and pivots open under the force of flowing air 16 when the vehicle is yawed during a spin. See FIG. 4. In a preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 5, the air inlet gate 22 is spring-biased by a hinge connection 24 in a closed position and is aerodynamically actuated by the flowing air 16 to open inward toward the air path 15. Preferably, the air inlet gate 22 is actuated when the spinning vehicle 11 is traveling backwards in excess of 50 mph. See FIG. 6.

[0042] As illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 4A, the stop 23 restricts the movement of the air inlet gate 22 in the open position. It will be understood that the stop 23 may be formed from any number of hard or resilient materials (e.g., metal or plastic). It will be further understood that the stop 23 may be any number of shapes to include, but not limited, to a square, rectangle, or triangle. As illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 4A, the stop 23 is preferably formed of metal and triangular in shape. Advantageously, the stop 23 permits an operator to regulate the amount of air flowing into the rear of the yawed vehicle 11, depending upon the expected speeds at a particular track and the amount of down force required to prevent the vehicle from becoming airborne during a high-speed spin. Stated differently, a stop having a greater angle of incline relative to the horizontal plane of the air path 15 produces less down force. Preferably, stops having a 15° incline are suitable for tracks supporting high speeds (e.g., 180 plus mph at Daytona, Fla.) and stops having a 30° incline are suitable for tracks supporting slower speeds (e.g., 140 plus mph at Bristol, Tenn.).

[0043] Referring to FIGS. 4 and 4A, the stop 23 is preferably affixed to an internal lower surface of the air path 15 with screws 25, but may be secured to an internal upper or side surface of the air path 15. The stop 23 may also be adhered to the internal upper, lower, or side surfaces of the air path 15 with an industrial strength adhesive. Accordingly, the stop 23 could also include a bracket affixed to the internal upper, lower, or side surface of the air path 15 to restrict the movement of the air inlet gate 22 in the open position.

[0044] As depicted in FIGS. 2 and 3, the air path 15 is positioned between the air inlet opening 13 and the air exit opening 14 and directs air flowing from the air inlet opening to the air exit opening. Stated differently, the air path 15 provides communication between the air inlet opening 13 and the air exit opening 14. It will be understood that the air path 15 may be formed from any number of materials to include plastic or metal (e.g., aluminum or sheet metal ductwork). Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the shape and dimensions of the air path 15 are not limited to those depicted in the drawings. For example, the cross-section of the air path 15 may vary depending upon the desired amount of down force.

[0045] The air exit opening 14 is positioned forward of the air inlet opening 13 and directs flowing air 16 entering the air inlet opening and distributes resulting pressure differentials in such a manner to exert a downward force on the yawed vehicle 11 as the flowing air exits the air exit opening.

[0046] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, the air exit opening 14 is positioned in at least one side surface of the vehicle 11. Specifically, the air exit opening 14 is positioned in a rear quarter panel region 30 of the vehicle 11. Further, the air exit opening 14 is oriented in a plane that is substantially perpendicular to the path of flowing air 16 from the air inlet opening 13. In other words, the air exit opening 14 is oriented in a plane that is substantially parallel to the rear quarter panel surface 30 of the vehicle 11. In this preferred configuration, air exit opening 14 directs the flowing exiting air 16 in a substantially lateral and upward direction with respect to the sides of the vehicle in such a manner to exert a downward force on the vehicle 11. As noted above, the venting of the flowing exiting air 16 distributes aerodynamic pressures generated across the surface of the vehicle 11 to exert a downward force acting on the vehicle. Advantageously, the air exit opening 14 directs the flowing exiting air 16 in such a manner that avoids interfering with the air spoiling operations of the roof flaps 12. In aerodynamic terms, the streamline of flowing air 16 exiting the air exit opening 14 is directed to areas adjacent the sides of the vehicle 11, and not in the direct path of the streamline of air that flows over the centerline of the vehicle (i.e., roof) and actuates the roof flaps 12 of the vehicle 11.

[0047] As depicted in FIGS. 7, 8, and 9, the alternative embodiment of the invention includes one air inlet opening 13, one air exit opening 14, and one air path 15. Specifically, the single air inlet opening 13 is positioned in the center of the rear end of the vehicle 11. The single air exit opening 14 of the alternative embodiment is positioned in a top surface of the vehicle 11, as opposed to the rear quarter panel region 30 of the vehicle in the preferred embodiment. In particular, the air exit opening 14 is positioned in the surface of the rear deck 20 adjacent the rear window 31 of the vehicle 11. In the alternative embodiment, the air exit opening 14 directs the flowing exiting air 16 upwards to create a down force on the vehicle 11. The single air path 15 of the alternative embodiment extends forward from the air inlet opening 13, over the fuel cell 32, and then upwards to the air exit opening 14.

[0048] The air exit opening 14 includes a gate 33 for venting the flow of air from the air inlet opening 13 and a stop 34 for restricting the movement of the gate in an open position. The air exit gate 33 may include any number of devices for controlling the passage or flow of air. In a preferred embodiment, the air exit gate 33 is a substantially rectangular planar flap that pivots about an axis that is substantially coplanar to the air exit opening. Nevertheless, it will be understood that the flap may be any number of shapes to include square, circular, or triangular. Furthermore, the flap is not necessarily planar and can be concave or convex in shape. It will be understood that the air exit gate 33 may be pivotably secured to a top, bottom, or side portion of the air exit opening. In an alternative embodiment, the air exit gate 33 may include a plurality of vanes or louvers that pivot about axes that are substantially coplanar to said air inlet opening.

[0049] The air exit gate 33 is closed when the vehicle is traveling in a forward path of travel and pivots open under the force of flowing air 16 from the air inlet opening 13 when the vehicle is yawed during a spin. In a preferred embodiment, the air exit gate 33 is spring-biased by a hinge connection 35 in a closed position and is aerodynamically actuated by the air flowing from the air inlet opening 13 to open outward as illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 9.

[0050] The preferred and alternative embodiments may further provide a means for restricting the movement of the air exit gate 33. As illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 9, the restricting means may include a cable 40 preferably of wire or elastic material that secures a free end of the air exit gate 33 to a portion of the air path 15.

[0051] The air inlet opening 13 further includes webbing 41 that prevents the admission of debris into the air inlet opening when the vehicle 11 is yawed from the forward path of travel and the air inlet gate 22 is open. The webbing 41 is preferably formed of molded aromatic polyamide fiber such as the product sold under the trademark Kevlar® commercially provided by E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. It will be appreciated that the webbing 41 may also be formed of plastic, textile, or steel mesh materials.

[0052] Referring to FIGS. 10, 11, 12, and 13, an alternative embodiment of the invention provides a pivoting platform 42 that is fixed at one end 50 to a rear underside portion of the vehicle 11. Specifically, the platform 42 is positioned at an angle adjacent a rear surface of the fuel cell 32. The platform 42 includes a free end 51 that is adjacent the rear end of the vehicle 11 and opposing sides 52 that are spaced apart from the rear underside portion of the vehicle. The platform 42 is configured to close to a position substantially flush with the underside of the vehicle 11 when the vehicle is traveling forward and to pivot open under the force of flowing air 16 when the vehicle is yawed.

[0053] In the open position, the platform distributes flowing air traveling under the yawed vehicle in a manner that increases the downward force on the yawed vehicle. In the closed position, the platform 42 does not adversely affect the aerodynamic stability of the vehicle when traveling forward. In other words, the platform 42 does not reduce the downward force on the vehicle 11 as it travels forward.

[0054] The platform 42 further includes a means for restricting the range of movement of the platform. The restricting means may include, but is not limited to, at least one cable 43 securing a portion of the platform 42 to the rear frame 48 of the vehicle 11. The platform 42 is preferably connected to the frame 48 with eyelet screws 49 to thereby limit the movement of the platform in the open position. In the preferred embodiment depicted in FIG. 12, the restricting means is a cable and spring mechanism 44 that provides biasing of the platform 42 between the open and closed position. It will be understood that the cables may be formed of steel or elastic material.

[0055] The platform 42 further includes an air inlet opening or gap 45 defined by the free end 51 of the platform and the rear underside of the vehicle 11. The air inlet opening 45 directs flowing air 16 between the platform 42 and the rear underside of the yawed vehicle 11 to pivot the platform downward and into the open position. Air exit openings 53 defined by the opposing sides 52 of the platform 42 and the rear underside of the vehicle 11 are also provided. The air exit openings 53 provide an exhaust for the air flowing from the air inlet opening 45 and between the platform 42 and the rear underside of the vehicle 11.

[0056] As the vehicle begins to yaw during a spin, pressure caused by air flowing against the rear of the vehicle increases. This increased pressure results in increased lift acting upwards against the rear of the vehicle 11. In operation, the increased pressure forces air into the air inlet opening 45 and the platform 42 pivots downward into the open position. In the open position, the platform 42 temporarily traps and then distributes the flowing air 16 laterally through the air exit openings 53 to thereby reduce pressure, decrease lift, and increase the downward force on the yawed vehicle. The speed at which the platform pivots is determined by the amount of tension supported by the restricting means (e.g., cable and spring mechanism). Predictions indicate that a cable and spring mechanism 44 supporting 30 pounds of tension will cause the platform 42 to pivot when the spinning vehicle 11 is traveling backwards at 50 to 55 mph.

[0057] As configured, the air inlet opening 45 admits more flowing air 16 between the rear underside of the vehicle 11 and the platform 42 as the degree of yaw of the vehicle increases with respect to the forward path of travel. Furthermore, the air inlet opening 45 admits the maximum amount of flowing air when the vehicle 11 is yawed 180° from the forward path of travel.

[0058] Another aspect of the invention includes a method of directing air into an automobile traveling at high speed to exert a downward force on the vehicle 11. It will be understood that the present method can be accomplished in conjunction with a variety of vehicles to include commercial and racing vehicles. The racing vehicles may include opened wheel and closed wheel body racing cars. This method is preferably accomplished on a closed wheel stock car as illustrated in FIG. 1. The present method provides for the admitting of a flow of air 16 into the rear of a yawed vehicle and then directing the flowing air to distribute aerodynamic pressures on the surface of the vehicle 11 to thereby exert a downward force on the yawed vehicle.

[0059] In a preferred method, a flow of air 16 is admitted into the rear of the vehicle 11 at the air inlet opening 13 when the vehicle is traveling in a direction yawed from the forward path of travel. Thereafter, the flowing air 16 entering the rear of the vehicle 11 is directed along the air path 15 to the air exit opening 14 positioned forward of and in communication with the air inlet opening 13. Consequently, a downward force is exerted on the yawed vehicle 11 as the flowing air 16 exits the air exit opening 13. As known to those skilled in the art, the downward force results from the distribution of variant air pressures affecting the surface of the vehicle 11.

[0060] In a preferred method, the flowing exiting air 16 is directed out of the air exit opening 14 in a substantially lateral and upward direction relative to the rear quarter panel regions 30 of the vehicle 11. In an alternative method, the flowing air 16 is directed out of the air exit opening 14 upward in a vertical direction relative to the rear deck 20 of the vehicle 11. As known to those skilled in the art, the substantially upward flow of exiting air will likewise distribute air pressures acting on the vehicle 11 to create a downward force against the surface of the vehicle adjacent the air exit opening 14.

[0061] Advantageously, the preferred method directs the air in such a manner that avoids interfering with the air spoiling operations of the yawed vehicle 11. Specifically, the air flow 16 is directed out of the air exit opening 14 so as not to interfere with any roof flaps 12, rear spoilers 36, roof fences 37, or any other air spoiling features inherent to the surface of the vehicle 11 that are designed to increase drag and down force on a yawed vehicle.

[0062] As accomplished in the preferred embodiment incorporating a stock car, the present method directs the flowing air 16 from the air inlet opening 13 along the air path 15 to the air exit opening 14 such that the flowing air exits the vehicle 11 at a point that is spaced apart from and outboard of a wheel 46 or axle. Stated differently, the preferred method vents the exiting air away from the surface of a closed wheel body (e.g., stock car).

[0063] In an alternative method, a flow of air 16 is also admitted between the rear-mounted pivotable platform 42 and the underside of the vehicle 11 when the vehicle is yawed. Specifically, the flowing air 16 is admitted into the air inlet opening or gap 45 formed by the free end 51 of the platform 42 and the underside of the vehicle 11. Consequently, if the yawed vehicle 11 attains a predetermined speed during backward movement, the flowing air 16 is directed through the air inlet opening 45 and between the platform 42 and the rear underside portion of the yawed vehicle to thereby pivot the platform into the open position. In the open position, the flowing air 16 is distributed laterally through the air exit openings 53 formed by opposing sides 52 of the platform 42 and the underside of the vehicle 11. As a result, any pressure build-up against the rear underside of the vehicle is reduced, thereby minimizing lift. In particular, the flowing air 16 is vented through the air exit openings 53 and around the fuel cell 32 to decrease the aerodynamic pressure acting against the rear surface or face of the fuel cell. The reduction in pressure adjacent the fuel cell 32 degrades lift and results in a downward force that is exerted against the rear surfaces of the vehicle 11.

[0064] In projecting results according to the present invention and method, a series of tests were conducted using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) wherein the present invention was incorporated into a NASCAR stock car. The tests evaluated the aerodynamic effectiveness of the present invention on a racing vehicle in a loss of control situation (i.e., yawed 180°). In preparation for testing, a commercial research facility measured the exterior geometry of the vehicle and formulated a computational model of the vehicle for use during the CFD simulations.

[0065] In order to evaluate the effects of the present invention as incorporated into a stock car, it is most meaningful to study the distribution of aerodynamic pressure on the vehicle surfaces. In short, down force is produced by creating higher pressure on the top surfaces of the vehicle as compared to the underside of the vehicle.

[0066] The results presented below include CFD simulations performed on three vehicle geometries under loss of control conditions. The vehicle geometries include the vehicle without the present invention (baseline vehicle), the vehicle with the preferred embodiment of the present invention incorporated therein, and the vehicle with the alternative embodiment of the present invention incorporated therein.

[0067] As described above, the preferred embodiment of the invention includes an air inlet opening in the rear of the vehicle between the rear deck and the bumper, an air path, and an air exit opening at the rear quarter panel region of the vehicle. For the purposes of the CFD simulations, the cross-section of the air path varies along its length.

[0068] Further, the alternative embodiment of the invention likewise included an air inlet opening positioned in the rear of the vehicle between the rear deck and the bumper and an air path extending forward from the air inlet opening to the air exit opening. In the alternative embodiment, however, the air exit opening is positioned in the top surface of the rear deck adjacent the rear window as opposed to the rear quarter panel region. In both embodiments, for testing purposes, the air inlet opening measured 5.5 inches in height and 36 inches in width. In the preferred embodiment, the air exit measured 9.7 inches in height and 9.7 inches in width. In the alternative embodiment, the air exit opening measured 9.5 inches in height and 20 inches in width.

[0069] During CFD simulations, the computer generated air flow simulated a vehicle traveling backward (i.e., yawed 180°) at 180 mph. The CFD calculations are presented in terms of lift. The CFD predicted aerodynamic lift on the baseline vehicle was 1575 pounds per square foot (lbf). The predicted aerodynamic lift on the vehicle incorporating the preferred embodiment was 1468 lbf, which equates to 107 lbf less lift (i.e., more down force) than the baseline vehicle lacking the present invention. The predicted aerodynamic lift for the vehicle incorporating the alternative embodiment was 1550 lbf, or 35 lbf less lift than the baseline vehicle. Thus, testing indicates that the preferred embodiment generated less lift or more down force than the alternative embodiment.

[0070] Further optimization of the present invention suggests the incorporation of the platform 42 secured adjacent the fuel cell 32 as described in an alternative embodiment above. CFD simulations predict that the platform 42 modification can reasonably be expected to generate between about 600 to 650 lbf of additional down force.

[0071] Surface pressure simulations comparing the baseline vehicle and the vehicles incorporating the preferred and alternative embodiments indicate that the vehicle incorporating the preferred embodiments generated higher pressures (i.e., greater down force) at the rear deck 20, rear window 31, roof 17, engine hood 18, and air exit opening 14 of the vehicle. The vehicle incorporating the alternative embodiment generated higher pressures at the air exit opening 14.

[0072] Surface pressure predictions on the underside of the vehicles incorporating the preferred and alternative embodiments revealed a slightly higher pressure build up behind the fuel cell 32 and across the underbody region as compared to the baseline vehicle. Nevertheless, CFD predictions showed that incorporation of the rear platform 42 would likely reduce the pressure generated under the vehicle.

[0073] Confirming predicted expectations, CFD simulations indicated that the preferred embodiment directs the flowing exiting air 16 out of the rear quarter panel regions 30 of the vehicle 11 and around the sides such that the air flowing over the center of the vehicle remains attached to the surface of the roof 17. In this fashion, the center streamline of flowing air interacts with the roof flaps 12. In other words, the preferred embodiment directs the flowing exiting air in such a manner to avoid interfering with the air spoiling operation of the roof flaps 12.

[0074] Finally, CFD simulations indicated that the preferred and alternative embodiments of the present invention alone, and not incorporated into the racing vehicle, produced from 101 to 189 lbf of down force.

[0075] In the drawings and specification, there have been disclosed typical embodiments on the invention and, although specific terms have been employed, they have been used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation, the scope of the invention being set forth in the following claims. 

That which is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus for increasing the safety of automobiles traveling at high speed and that is particularly useful in vehicles used for competitive racing, said apparatus comprising: an air inlet opening in the rear of said vehicle for admitting a flow of air into said vehicle when said vehicle is traveling in a direction yawed from a forward path of travel; and an air exit opening in said vehicle positioned forward of and in communication with said air inlet opening, and that directs flowing air entering said air inlet opening to exert a downward force on said yawed vehicle as the flowing air exits said air exit opening.
 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an air path positioned intermediate said air inlet opening and said air exit opening that directs air from said air inlet opening to said air exit opening.
 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said air inlet opening admits more flowing air as the degree of yaw of said vehicle increases with respect to the forward path of travel, and thereby increases the downward force on said yawed vehicle.
 4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said air inlet opening admits the maximum amount of flowing air when said vehicle is yawed 180 degrees from the forward path of travel.
 5. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: said air inlet opening is oriented in a plane that is substantially perpendicular to the path of the flowing air; and said air inlet opening comprises a gate that is closed when said vehicle is traveling forward and that opens under the force of flowing air when said vehicle is yawed from the forward path of travel.
 6. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein said air inlet gate comprises a flap that pivots about an axis that is substantially coplanar to said air inlet opening.
 7. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein said air inlet opening further comprises a stop that restricts the movement of said air inlet gate in the open position.
 8. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: said air exit opening is oriented in a plane that is substantially perpendicular to the path of air flowing from said air inlet opening; said air exit opening comprises a gate that is closed when said vehicle is traveling forward and that opens under the force of flowing air from said air inlet opening when said vehicle is yawed from the forward path of travel.
 9. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein said air exit gate comprises a flap that pivots about an axis that is substantially coplanar to said air exit opening.
 10. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said air inlet opening further comprises webbing that prevents the admission of debris into said air inlet opening when said vehicle is yawed from the forward path of travel.
 11. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said vehicle includes at least one roof flap that spoils flowing air traveling over surfaces of said yawed vehicle.
 12. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a pivoting platform having a fixed end pivot point secured to an underside portion of a vehicle inwardly from the rear end of said vehicle, a free end adjacent said rear end of said vehicle, and opposing sides; said platform having a closed position that is substantially flush with said rear underside portion when said vehicle is traveling forward, said free end and said platform pivoting open when said vehicle is yawed from a forward path of travel; wherein said platform in the open position distributes the flowing air traveling under said yawed vehicle in a manner that increases the downward force on said yawed vehicle; wherein said free end of said platform and said rear end of said vehicle define said air inlet opening; wherein at least one side opposing sides of said platform and said rear underside portion of said vehicle define said air exit opening.
 13. An apparatus for increasing the safety of automobiles traveling at high speed and that is particularly useful in vehicles used for competitive racing, said apparatus comprising: a pivoting platform having a fixed end pivot point secured to an underside portion of a vehicle inwardly from the rear end of said vehicle, a free end adjacent said rear end of said vehicle, and opposing sides; said platform having a closed position that is substantially flush with said rear underside portion when said vehicle is traveling forward, said free end and said platform pivoting open when said vehicle is yawed from a forward path of travel; wherein said platform in the open position distributes the flowing air traveling under said yawed vehicle in a manner that increases the downward force on said yawed vehicle.
 14. An apparatus according to claim 13, wherein said platform in the closed position does not adversely affect the aerodynamic stability of the vehicle.
 15. An apparatus according to claim 13, wherein said platform comprises: a means for restricting the range of movement of said platform; and an air inlet opening defined by said free end of said platform and said rear underside portion of said vehicle, and that directs flowing air between said platform and said rear underside portion of said yawed vehicle to thereby pivot said platform into the open position; and an air exit opening defined by at least one of said opposing sides of said platform and said rear underside portion of said vehicle.
 16. An apparatus according to claim 15, wherein said air inlet opening admits more flowing air as the degree of yaw of said vehicle increases with respect to the forward path of travel.
 17. An apparatus according to claim 15, wherein said air inlet opening admits the maximum amount of flowing air when said vehicle is yawed 180 degrees from the forward path of travel.
 18. The apparatus according to claim 15, wherein said restricting means includes at least one cable securing at least a portion of said platform to said rear underside portion of said vehicle to thereby limit the movement of said platform in the open position.
 19. An apparatus for increasing the safety of automobiles traveling at high speed and that is particularly useful in vehicles used for competitive racing, said apparatus comprising: a vehicle having a closed wheel body; an air inlet opening in a rear surface of said closed wheel body for admitting a flow of air into said body when said closed wheel body is traveling in a direction yawed from a forward path of travel; and an air exit opening in the surface of said closed wheel body positioned forward of and in communication with said air inlet opening, and that directs flowing air entering said air inlet opening to exert a downward force on said yawed body as the flowing air exits said air exit opening.
 20. An apparatus according to claim 19, further comprising an air path positioned intermediate said air inlet opening and said air exit opening that directs air from said air inlet opening to said air exit opening.
 21. An apparatus according to claim 19, wherein said air inlet opening admits more flowing air as the degree of yaw of said closed wheel body increases with respect to the forward path of travel, and thereby increases the amount of downward force on said yawed body.
 22. An apparatus according to claim 19, wherein said air inlet opening admits the maximum amount of flowing air when said closed wheel body is yawed 180 degrees from the forward path of travel.
 23. The apparatus according to claim 19, wherein: said air inlet opening is oriented in a plane that is substantially parallel to the rear surface of said closed wheel body; and said air inlet opening comprises a gate that is closed when said closed wheel body is traveling forward and that opens under the force of flowing air when said closed wheel body is yawed from the forward path of travel.
 24. The apparatus according to claim 23, wherein said air inlet gate comprises a flap that pivots about an axis that is substantially coplanar to said air inlet opening.
 25. The apparatus according to claim 23, wherein said air inlet opening further comprises a stop that restricts the movement of said air inlet gate in the open position.
 26. The apparatus according to claim 19, wherein: said air exit opening is oriented in a plane that is substantially parallel to the surface of said closed wheel body; and said air exit opening comprises a gate that is closed when said vehicle is traveling forward and that opens under the force of flowing air from said air inlet opening when said vehicle is yawed from the forward path of travel.
 27. The apparatus according to claim 26, wherein said air exit gate comprises a flap that pivots about an axis that is substantially coplanar to said air exit opening.
 28. The apparatus according to claim 19, wherein said air exit opening is positioned in at least one side surface of said closed wheel body.
 29. The apparatus according to claim 19, wherein said air exit opening is positioned in a top surface of said closed wheel body.
 30. The apparatus according to claim 19, wherein said air inlet opening further comprises webbing that prevents the admission of debris into said air inlet opening.
 31. The apparatus according to claim 19, wherein said closed wheel body includes at least one roof flap that spoils flowing air traveling over surfaces of said yawed closed wheel body.
 32. An apparatus for increasing the safety of automobiles traveling at high speed and that is particularly useful in vehicles used for competitive racing, said apparatus comprising: a vehicle having a closed wheel body and at least one roof flap that spoils a flow of air traveling over surfaces of said closed wheel body when said body is traveling in a direction yawed from a forward path of travel; an air inlet opening in the rear of said closed wheel body for admitting a flow of air into said yawed closed wheel body; and an air exit opening in said closed wheel body positioned forward of and in communication with said air inlet opening, and that directs air entering said air inlet opening to exert a downward force on said yawed closed wheel body as the flowing air exits said air exit opening; wherein said air exit opening directs the flowing exiting air in a manner that avoids interfering with the air spoiling operation of said at least one roof flap.
 33. The apparatus according to claim 32, further comprising an air path positioned intermediate said air inlet opening and said air exit opening that directs air from said air inlet opening to said air exit opening.
 34. The apparatus according to claim 32, wherein said air inlet opening admits more flowing air as the degree of yaw of said closed wheel body increases with respect to the forward path of travel, and thereby increases the downward force on said yawed body.
 35. The apparatus according to claim 32, wherein said air inlet opening admits the maximum amount of flowing air when said closed wheel body is yawed 180 degrees from the forward path of travel.
 36. The apparatus according to claim 32, wherein: said air inlet opening is oriented in a plane that is substantially parallel to the surface of said closed wheel body; said air inlet opening comprises a gate that is closed when said closed wheel body is traveling forward and that opens under the force of flowing air when said closed wheel body is yawed from the forward path of travel.
 37. The apparatus according to claim 36, wherein said air inlet gate comprises a flap that pivots about an axis that is substantially coplanar to said air inlet opening.
 38. The apparatus according to claim 36, wherein said air inlet opening further comprises a stop that restricts the movement of said air inlet gate in the open position.
 39. The apparatus according to claim 32, wherein: said air exit opening is oriented in a plane that is substantially parallel to the surface of said closed wheel body; and said air exit opening comprises a gate that is closed when said closed wheel body is traveling forward and that opens under the force of flowing air from said air inlet opening when said closed wheel body is yawed from the forward path of travel.
 40. The apparatus according to claim 39, wherein said air inlet gate comprises a flap that pivots about an axis that is substantially coplanar to said air exit opening.
 41. The apparatus according to claim 32, wherein said air exit opening is positioned in a top surface of said closed wheel body, such that said air exit opening directs the flowing exiting air in such a manner that avoids interfering with the air spoiling operation of said at least one roof flap.
 42. The apparatus according to claim 32, wherein said air exit opening is positioned in at least one side surface of said closed wheel body such that said air exit opening directs the flowing exiting air in such a manner that avoids interfering with the air spoiling operation of said at least one roof flap.
 43. The apparatus according to claim 32, wherein said air inlet opening further comprises webbing that prevents the admission of debris into said air inlet opening.
 44. A method of directing air into an automobile traveling at high speed to exert a downward force on the vehicle, and that is particularly useful in vehicles used for competitive racing, said method comprising the steps of: admitting a flow of air into the rear of the vehicle at an air inlet opening when the vehicle is traveling in a direction yawed from a forward path of travel; and directing the flowing air entering the rear of the vehicle to an air exit opening positioned forward of and in communication with the air inlet opening to thereby exert a downward force on the yawed vehicle as the flowing air exits the air exit opening.
 45. The method of claim 44, further comprising directing a flow of air under the yawed vehicle to pivot a platform that is secured to an underside portion of the vehicle into an open position, such that the flowing air is vented to thereby reduce pressure against the rear of the vehicle and exert a downward force on the yawed vehicle.
 46. The method of claim 44, wherein the step of admitting comprises directing the flowing air from the air inlet opening along an air path to the air exit opening.
 47. The method of claim 44, wherein the step of directing comprises venting the flowing exiting air laterally.
 48. The method of claim 44, wherein the step of directing comprises venting the flowing exiting air upwards.
 49. The method of claim 44, wherein the step of directing comprises venting the flowing exiting air in such a manner that avoids interfering with air spoiling operations of said vehicle that affect the downward force exerted on the yawed vehicle.
 50. A method of directing air into an automobile traveling at high speed to exert a downward force on the vehicle, and that is particularly useful in vehicles used for competitive racing, said method comprising the steps of: admitting a flow of air into the rear of the vehicle at an air inlet opening when the vehicle is traveling in a direction yawed from a forward path of travel; directing the flowing air from the air inlet opening along an air path to an air exit opening such that the flowing air exits the air exit opening at a point that is spaced apart from and outboard of a wheel of the vehicle to thereby exert a downward force on the yawed vehicle.
 51. The method of claim 50, wherein the step of directing comprises venting the flowing exiting air upwards.
 52. The method of claim 50, wherein the step of directing comprises venting the flowing exiting air laterally.
 53. The method of claim 50, wherein the step of directing comprises venting the flowing exiting air in such a manner that avoids interfering with air spoiling operations of the vehicle that affect the downward force exerted on the yawed vehicle. 